17 June 2020

0472 | Photo | SS-Panzergrenadier-Freiwilligen-Division "Nordland"



Formation of the SS Armoured Grenadier Division "Nordland". A young member of the division's reconnaissance battalion, possibly a Swede, checks papers of a Croatian villager at an improvised barrier next to his unit's training area, in the vicinity of Sisak. This slightly confused-looking young man probably speaks Croatian as well as the villager speaks Swedish. (The 3rd company of the "Nordland" Division's reconnaissance battalion, to which the pictured guard most likely belonged, was unofficially known as the "Swedish Company", due to a large number of Swedish volunteers.)

Text: Ivan Ž.

Photographer: Kramer, SS War Correspondent Battalion.
Date: September/October 1943.
Location: unknown (district of Sisak), Yugoslavia.
Original caption: unknown.

Sources: National Archives, 242-JRP-46-8-11; Wilhelm Tieke, Tragödie um die Treue – Aufstellung, Kampf und Untergang des III. (germanischen) SS-Panzerkorps, Gummersbach, 2003, p. 15; Erik Wallin, Thorolf Hillblad (ed.), Twilight of the Gods – A Swedish Volunteer in the 11th SS Panzergrenadier Division "Nordland" on the Eastern Front, Stackpole Books, Mechanicsburg, PA, 2009, p. 134. (Photo restoration: Ivan Ž.)

NOT ALLOWED: removing source credits from the files; using text without crediting the original author; using files and information for political propaganda and commercial purposes.



Formiranje Oklopnogrenadirske SS-divizije "Nordland". Mladi pripadnik izviđačkog bataljona divizije, moguće Šveđanin, proverava isprave jednom hrvatskom seljaku na improvizovanoj rampi pored prostora za obuku svoje jedinice, u okolini Siska. Ovaj mladić pomalo zbunjenog izgleda verovatno poznaje hrvatski jezik koliko i seljak zna švedski. (Treća četa izviđačkog bataljona divizije "Nordland", kojoj je stražar na slici najverovatnije pripadao, nezvanično je bila poznata kao "Švedska četa", zbog velikog broja švedskih dobrovoljaca.)

Tekst: Ivan Ž.

Fotograf: Kramer, Ratnodopisnički bataljon SS-a.
Datum: septembar/oktobar 1943.
Mesto: nepoznato (srez Sisački), Jugoslavija.
Originalni natpis: nepoznat.

Izvori: National Archives, 242-JRP-46-8-11; Wilhelm Tieke, Tragödie um die Treue – Aufstellung, Kampf und Untergang des III. (germanischen) SS-Panzerkorps, Gummersbach, 2003, str. 15; Erik Wallin, Thorolf Hillblad (prir.), Twilight of the Gods – A Swedish Volunteer in the 11th SS Panzergrenadier Division "Nordland" on the Eastern Front, Stackpole Books, Mechanicsburg, PA, 2009, str. 134. (Foto-restauracija: Ivan Ž.)

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06 June 2020

0471 | Photo | SS-Division "Reich" (mot.)



Operation 25. Members of the SS Division "Reich", together with the assembled (German) populace, watch the Easter dance in the centre of Alibunar, from the Romanian Orthodox churchyard. Even though it is a big holiday and a joyous occasion, the faces of the civilians, and most of the German soldiers, are deadly serious: just a few metres away, in the churchyard of the Serbian Orthodox church (whose windows are seen in the upper right corner of the photo), there is a mass grave with fresh corpses of Yugoslav prisoners of war and civilians, shot in the previous two days by members of the "Deutschland" Regiment (partly as a reprisal for the murder of the regimental adjutant). In the Serbian church, which has been turned into an assembly camp, there are other prisoners, anxiously awaiting their fate. This holy day, the first day of (Western) Easter, was ended by the SS men with yet another execution: teacher Bošnjački, a Serb, was shot for "Freischärlerei" (illegal warfare). (Bošnjački, like many others, was buried in Selište, due to the churchyard pit being already full. Note: the Germans considered the armed Serbian civilians war criminals who violated the laws of war, and their murder an act of justice; on the other hand, the armed ethnic Germans, executed by the Yugoslav troops, were considered heroes, and their murder a crime.) During the exhumation of the corpses, on 15 February 1945, there were 51 corpses found in the Serbian Orthodox churchyard in Alibunar. Found in Selište were 54 corpses. The exact number of people shot in Alibunar during the occupation by the SS Division "Reich", due to the chaotic situation caused by the war, has never been determined (it was estimated that close to 200 persons were murdered).

Text: Ivan Ž.

Photographer: unknown.
Date: 13 April 1941.
Location: Alibunar, Yugoslavia.
Original caption: unknown.

Sources: Otto Weidinger, Division Das Reich im Bild, Munin-Verlag, Osnabrück, 1981, p. 75; Otto Weidinger, Division Das Reich – Der Weg der 2. SS-Panzer-Division "Das Reich" – Die Geschichte der Stammdivision der Waffen-SS, Munin-Verlag, Osnabrück, 1983, vol. II, p. 224/225; Srđan Božović, Nemački zločin u Alibunaru 1941, Narodni muzej Pančevo, 2004, pp. 65, 81–84; Jelena Đ. Lopičić-Jančić (ed.), Ratni zločini nemačkih okupatora u Jugoslaviji 1941–1945. godine – Presude jugoslovenskih vojnih sudova, Muzej žrtava genocida, Beograd, 2010, pp. 30, 36–37; "Auch sie marschieren im Geiste mit!", Volksruf, Pančevo, 25.04.1941, vol. X, no 16–478, p. 2; National Archives, RG 242, T354, r. 121, 3754550; ibid., r. 122, 3755637. (Photo restoration: Ivan Ž.)

NOT ALLOWED: removing source credits from the files; using text without crediting the original author; using files and information for political propaganda and commercial purposes.



Operacija 25. Pripadnici SS-divizije "Rajh", zajedno sa okupljenim (nemačkim) narodom, posmatraju uskršnji ples u centru Alibunara, iz porte rumunske pravoslavne crkve. Iako je veliki praznik i povod za veselje, lica civila, kao i većine nemačkih vojnika, smrtno su ozbiljna: samo nekoliko metara dalje, u porti srpske pravoslavne crkve (čiji se prozori vide u gornjem desnom uglu slike), nalazi se masovna grobnica sa svežim leševima jugoslovenskih ratnih zarobljenika i civila, koje su u prethodna dva dana streljali pripadnici puka "Nemačka" (delom u cilju odmazde za ubistvo pukovskog ađutanta). U srpskoj crkvi, koja je pretvorena u sabirni logor, nalaze se ostali zarobljenici, koji sa strepnjom čekaju svoju sudbinu. Ovaj sveti dan, prvi dan (katoličkog) Uskrsa, esesovci su završili još jednim pogubljenjem: učitelj Bošnjački, Srbin, streljan je zbog "hajdukovanja" (Freischärlerei). (Bošnjački je, kao i mnogi drugi, pokopan na Selištu, jer je raka u crkvenoj porti već bila napunjena. Napomena: Nemci su naoružane srpske civile smatrali zločincima koji krše zakone ratovanja, a njihovo ubistvo sprovođenjem pravde; s druge strane, naoružane folksdojčere, pogubljene od jugoslovenske vojske, smatrali su herojima, a njihovo ubistvo zločinom.) Prilikom ekshumacije leševa, 15. februara 1945. godine, u porti srpske pravoslavne crkve u Alibunaru pronađen je 51 leš. Na Selištu su pronađena 54 leša. Tačan broj ljudi streljanih u Alibunaru za vreme boravka SS-divizije "Rajh", zbog haotičnog stanja prouzrokovanog ratom, nikada nije utvrđen (procenjuje se da je pobijeno blizu 200 osoba).

Tekst: Ivan Ž.

Fotograf: nepoznat.
Datum: 13. april 1941.
Mesto: Alibunar, Jugoslavija.
Originalni natpis: nepoznat.

Izvori: Otto Weidinger, Division Das Reich im Bild, Munin-Verlag, Osnabrück, 1981, str. 75; Otto Weidinger, Division Das Reich – Der Weg der 2. SS-Panzer-Division "Das Reich" – Die Geschichte der Stammdivision der Waffen-SS, Munin-Verlag, Osnabrück, 1983, tom II, str. 224/225; Srđan Božović, Nemački zločin u Alibunaru 1941, Narodni muzej Pančevo, 2004, str. 65, 81–84; Jelena Đ. Lopičić-Jančić (prir.), Ratni zločini nemačkih okupatora u Jugoslaviji 1941–1945. godine – Presude jugoslovenskih vojnih sudova, Muzej žrtava genocida, Beograd, 2010, str. 30, 36–37; "Auch sie marschieren im Geiste mit!", Volksruf, Pančevo, 25.04.1941, god. X, br. 16–478, str. 2; National Archives, RG 242, T354, r. 121, 3754550; ibid., r. 122, 3755637. (Foto-restauracija: Ivan Ž.)

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0470 | Photo | SS-Division "Reich" (mot.)



Operation 25. On the fifth day of the invasion, the SS Division "Reich" begins its attack. (The division attack cue was: "Prinz Eugen!") On the roof of a "Deutschland" Regiment's eight-wheeler (Sd.Kfz. 232), the division commander, SS-Gruppenführer Paul Hausser, advances through the Banat mud towards the town of Alibunar (where he would set up his headquarters; the half-track seen on the side is probably the vehicle that Hausser mostly used for travelling through Banat). The SS Infantry Regiment "Deutschland" captured Alibunar the same day, after a short but fierce battle against the Yugoslav 4th Cavalry Regiment. Immediately thereafter, due to the participation of armed civilians in the fighting, and especially due to the murder of the SS regiment's adjutant (after the fighting was over), mass arrests and killings of all "suspicious" men began throughout the town (among others, they killed a medic with a red cross ribbon, and a 15-year-old boy, before his mother's eyes). The reprisal carried out by members of the "Deutschland" Regiment in Alibunar for the death of their adjutant was also the first German Army's mass reprisal on the territory of Yugoslavia in World War II. This regiment was commanded by SS-Oberführer Wilhelm Bittrich, future commander of the II SS Armoured Corps. He was never tried for the war crimes in Alibunar, nor was the division commander, Hausser.

Text: Ivan Ž.

Photographer: unknown.
Date: 11 April 1941.
Location: unknown (district of Vršac), Yugoslavia.
Original caption: unknown.

Sources: Otto Weidinger, Division Das Reich – Der Weg der 2. SS-Panzer-Division "Das Reich" – Die Geschichte der Stammdivision der Waffen-SS, Munin-Verlag, Osnabrück, 1983, vol. II, p. 224/225; ibid., p. 339; Srđan Božović, Nemački zločin u Alibunaru 1941, Narodni muzej Pančevo, 2004, pp. 27, 65, 71–72; Ivana B. Spasović, Stradanja u Pančevu i Jabuci za vreme Drugog svetskog rata, Istorijski arhiv u Pančevu, 2011, p. 51; Velimir Terzić, Slom Kraljevine Jugoslavije 1941 – Uzroci i posledice poraza, Narodna knjiga, Beograd, 1982, bk 2, p. 388; National Archives, RG 242, T354, r. 121, 3754481; ibid., r. 122, 3755636–8; "Bittrich, Wilhelm", Lexikon der Wehrmacht; "Hausser, Paul", ibid.; "Nummernblöcke der Waffen-SS 1940", WWII Day by Day.

NOT ALLOWED: removing source credits from the files; using text without crediting the original author; using files and information for political propaganda and commercial purposes.



Operacija 25. Petog dana invazije, u napad kreće SS-divizija "Rajh". (Signal za napad divizije bio je: "Princ Ojgen!") Na krovu jednog osmotočkaša (Sd.Kfz. 232) puka "Nemačka", komandant divizije, SS-grupenfirer Paul Hauser, nastupa kroz banatsko blato prema gradu Alibunaru (u kojem će smestiti svoj štab; poluguseničar koji se vidi sa strane verovatno je vozilo kojim je Hauser većim delom putovao kroz Banat). Pešadijski SS-puk "Nemačka" zauzeo je Alibunar istoga dana, posle kraće ali žestoke borbe protiv jugoslovenskog 4. konjičkog puka. Odmah potom, zbog učešća naoružanih civila u borbi, a posebno zbog ubistva ađutanta SS-puka (po završetku borbi), počelo je masovno hapšenje i ubijanje svih "sumnjivih" muškaraca po gradu (između ostalih, ubijen je i bolničar sa trakom crvenog krsta, i jedan petnaestogodišnji dečak, pred očima majke). Odmazda koju su pripadnici puka "Nemačka" izvršili zbog smrti svog ađutanta u Alibunaru bila je ujedno i prva masovna odmazda nemačke vojske na teritoriji Jugoslavije u Drugom svetskom ratu. Ovim pukom komandovao je SS-oberfirer Vilhelm Bitrih, budući komandant II oklopnog SS-korpusa. Za zločine u Alibunaru nikada nije odgovarao, kao ni komandant divizije, Hauser.

Tekst: Ivan Ž.

Fotograf: nepoznat.
Datum: 11. april 1941.
Mesto: nepoznato (srez Vršački), Jugoslavija.
Originalni natpis: nepoznat.

Izvori: Otto Weidinger, Division Das Reich – Der Weg der 2. SS-Panzer-Division "Das Reich" – Die Geschichte der Stammdivision der Waffen-SS, Munin-Verlag, Osnabrück, 1983, tom II, str. 224/225; ibid., str. 339; Srđan Božović, Nemački zločin u Alibunaru 1941, Narodni muzej Pančevo, 2004, str. 27, 65, 71–72; Ivana B. Spasović, Stradanja u Pančevu i Jabuci za vreme Drugog svetskog rata, Istorijski arhiv u Pančevu, 2011, str. 51; Velimir Terzić, Slom Kraljevine Jugoslavije 1941 – Uzroci i posledice poraza, Narodna knjiga, Beograd, 1982, knj. 2, str. 388; National Archives, RG 242, T354, r. 121, 3754481; ibid., r. 122, 3755636–8; "Bittrich, Wilhelm", Lexikon der Wehrmacht; "Hausser, Paul", ibid.; "Nummernblöcke der Waffen-SS 1940", WWII Day by Day.

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23 May 2020

0469 | Photo | SS-Freiwilligen-Division "Prinz Eugen"



Operation "Black". Montenegrin elders greet motorcyclists of the SS Division "Prinz Eugen" (Battle Group Meckelburg) in their village, after the area has been cleansed of insurgents. The German propaganda photographer described this encounter as a warm welcome of the SS troops by the population, happy to be liberated from the terror of the Bolshevik gangs. In reality, in a near-empty village, the Germans were greeted only by a handful of restrained, elderly men, while women and children (seen in the previous image from the same film) passed by the soldiers looking fearfully down, on the other side of the road.

Text: Ivan Ž.

Photographer: Kollik, SS War Correspondent Battalion.
Date: May 1943.
Location: unknown, Yugoslavia.
Original caption: "They are welcomed as liberators. The first motorcyclists of the Waffen-SS who entered this mountain village in Montenegro are warmly welcomed by the residents, who are happy to be finally liberated from the terror of the Bolshevik gangs."

Sources: National Archives, 242-JRP-45-43-13; AKG-Images, AKG5583933. (Photo restoration: Ivan Ž.)

NOT ALLOWED: removing source credits from the files; using text without crediting the original author; using files and information for political propaganda and commercial purposes.



Operacija "Crno". Crnogorski domaćini pozdravljaju motocikliste SS-divizije "Princ Ojgen" (Borbene grupe Mekelburg) u svom selu, posle čišćenja rejona od ustanika. Ovaj je susret nemački propagandni fotograf opisao kao srdačan doček SS-trupa od stanovništva, srećnog zbog oslobođenja od terora boljševičkih bandi. U stvarnosti je, u polupustom selu, Nemce pozdravila samo šaka suzdržanih, starijih muškaraca, dok su žene i deca (vide se na prethodnoj slici sa istog filma) prošli pored vojnika bojažljivo gledajući u zemlju, suprotnom stranom puta.

Tekst: Ivan Ž.

Fotograf: Kolik, Ratnodopisnički bataljon SS-a.
Datum: maj 1943.
Mesto: nepoznato, Jugoslavija.
Originalni natpis: "Dočekani su kao oslobodioci. Prvi motociklisti SS-trupa koji su ušli u ovo planinsko selo u Crnoj Gori srdačno su dočekani od stanovnika, koji su srećni što su konačno oslobođeni terora boljševičkih bandi."

Izvori: National Archives, 242-JRP-45-43-13; AKG-Images, AKG5583933. (Foto-restauracija: Ivan Ž.)

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19 May 2020

0468 | Photo | Leibstandarte-SS "Adolf Hitler"



Operation 25. With great effort, and the help of his comrades, a motorcyclist of the Reconnaissance Battalion, SS Bodyguard "Adolf Hitler", pushes his machine (BMW R 61) through the deep mud of Macedonia. This striking image from the Balkan Campaign, which was originally published in the "Illustrated Observer" (Illustrierter Beobachter) dated 24 April 1941, was also published the following year in the form of a postcard, in a series enitled "Our Waffen-SS" (Unsere Waffen-SS, made up of 60 selected photographs of military formations of the SS). However, since the Balkan Campaign had been long completed, and the muddy terrain was characteristic of the (more important) Eastern Front, the postcard was accompanied by a false (and sarcastic) description: "Soviet road." Thanks to the popularity of propaganda postcards, the image remained known as a shot from the Eastern Front; in October 1960, it appeared on the cover of the Waffen-SS veterans' magazine "The Volunteer" (Der Freiwillige), captioned: "19 years ago: 'road' in Russia."

Text: Ivan Ž.

Photographer: Franz Roth, SS War Correspondent Company.
Date: April 1941.
Location: unknown, Yugoslavia.
Original caption: unknown.

Sources: Military Tour, P-65; "Wir waren wieder mal schneller!", Illustrierter Beobachter, München, 24.04.1941, vol. XVI, no 17, p. 498; Der Freiwillige, Osnabrück, Oct. 1960, vol. V, no 10, p. 1; "BMW R 61", Kfz. der Wehrmacht. (Photo restoration: Ivan Ž.)

NOT ALLOWED: removing source credits from the files; using text without crediting the original author; using files and information for political propaganda and commercial purposes.



Operacija 25. Uz teške muke, i pomoć drugova, motociklista izviđačkog bataljona Telesne garde SS-a "Adolf Hitler" gura svoju mašinu (BMW R 61) kroz duboko blato u Makedoniji. Ova upečatljiva slika iz pohoda na Balkan, koja je izvorno objavljena u "Ilustrovanom osmatraču" (Illustrierter Beobachter) od 24. aprila 1941, objavljena je naredne godine i u vidu razglednice, u seriji nazvanoj "Naše SS-trupe" (Unsere Waffen-SS, sačinjenoj od 60 odabranih fotografija vojnih formacija SS-a). Međutim, kako je pohod na Balkan već uveliko bio završen, a blatnjav teren bio karakterističan za (bitniji) Istočni front, razglednicu je pratio lažan (i sarkastičan) opis: "Sovjetski drum." Zahvaljujući popularnosti propagandnih razglednica, slika je i ostala poznata kao snimak sa Istočnog fronta; oktobra 1960. godine, osvanula je na naslovnoj strani časopisa veterana SS-trupa zvanog "Dobrovoljac" (Der Freiwillige), uz natpis: "Pre 19 godina: 'drum' u Rusiji."

Tekst: Ivan Ž.

Fotograf: Franc Rot, Ratnodopisnička četa SS-a.
Datum: april 1941.
Mesto: nepoznato, Jugoslavija.
Originalni natpis: nepoznat.

Izvori: Military Tour, P-65; "Wir waren wieder mal schneller!", Illustrierter Beobachter, München, 24.04.1941, god. XVI, br. 17, str. 498; Der Freiwillige, Osnabrück, okt. 1960, god. V, br. 10, str. 1; "BMW R 61", Kfz. der Wehrmacht. (Foto-restauracija: Ivan Ž.)

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01 May 2020

0467 | Photo | Narodnooslobodilačka vojska Jugoslavije



Partisan attack on Podgorica. A patrol of the I Boka Brigade (Littoral Operational Group) enters the destroyed city; one fighter knocks down German signposts with his rifle butt along the way (the upper sign reads "Air Force Sickbay"; the machine gun carried by the fighter on the far left is a British Bren Mk II).

Text: Ivan Ž.

Photographer: unknown.
Date: December 1944.
Location: Podgorica, Yugoslavia.
Original caption: unknown.

Sources: Veselin Đuranović (ed.), Crna Gora 1941–1945, Pobjeda, Titograd, 1966, p. 229; "Bren Mk 2", Imperial War Museums.

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Napad NOVJ na Podgoricu. Patrola I bokeljske brigade (Primorske operativne grupe) ulazi u razoreni grad; jedan borac usput kundakom ruši nemačke putokaze (na gornjem znaku piše "vazduhoplovna bolnica"; mitraljez koji nosi borac sasvim levo je britanski Bren Mk II).

Tekst: Ivan Ž.

Fotograf: nepoznat. 
Datum: decembar 1944.
Mesto: Podgorica, Jugoslavija.
Originalni natpis: nepoznat.

Izvori: Veselin Đuranović (ured.), Crna Gora 1941–1945, Pobjeda, Titograd, 1966, str. 229; "Bren Mk 2", Imperial War Museums.

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29 April 2020

0466 | Photo | Jugoslovenska vojska



Operation 25. The transport of Yugoslav soldiers captured in Macedonia at the beginning of the operation by units of the German XL Army Corps (probably by the SS Bodyguard "Adolf Hitler", to which the photographer was attached). In the background, as a contrast to the "long-faced" Yugoslav soldiers, there is a jolly-faced German NCO (from one of the supporting air force units).

Text: Ivan Ž.

Photographer: Franz Roth, SS War Correspondent Company.
Date: April 1941.
Location: unknown, Yugoslavia.
Original caption: "The first Serbian prisoners are brought in. Already on the first day of the German invasion of Yugoslavia, numerous prisoners were brought in. One of the many trucks with Serbian prisoners on the way to the assembly camp."

Sources: Nationaal Archief, 27021A 093; NIOD, via Beeldbank WO2, 21058; Franz Roth, "Serbische Gefangene werden eingebracht", Der Umbruch, Vaduz, 28.05.1941, no 47, p. 3. (Photo restoration: Ivan Ž.)

NOT ALLOWED: removing source credits from the files; using text without crediting the original author; using files and information for political propaganda and commercial purposes.



Operacija 25. Transport jugoslovenskih vojnika zarobljenih u Makedoniji na početku operacije od jedinica nemačkog XL armijskog korpusa (verovatno Telesne garde SS-a "Adolf Hitler", kojoj je bio priključen autor fotografije). U pozadini, kao kontrast "pokislim" licima jugoslovenskih vojnika, vidi se veselo lice jednog nemačkog podoficira (iz jedne od pratećih vazduhoplovnih jedinica).

Tekst: Ivan Ž.

Fotograf: Franc Rot, Ratnodopisnička četa SS-a.
Datum: april 1941.
Mesto: nepoznato, Jugoslavija.
Originalni natpis: "Prvi srpski zarobljenici su dovedeni. Već prvog dana nemačke invazije na Jugoslaviju dovedeni su mnogobrojni zarobljenici. Jedan od mnogih kamiona sa srpskim zarobljenicima na putu za sabirni logor."

Izvori: Nationaal Archief, 27021A 093; NIOD, via Beeldbank WO2, 21058; Franz Roth, "Serbische Gefangene werden eingebracht", Der Umbruch, Vaduz, 28.05.1941, br. 47, str. 3. (Foto-restauracija: Ivan Ž.)

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25 April 2020

0465 | Photo | 12. Armee



Execution of hostages at Deliblato. Three Jewish hostages throwing the body of their shot compatriot into a pit, supervised by a German soldier, who hid his hands behind his back (the Germans did not want to get their hands dirty and left all the hard work, such as digging pits and dragging corpses, to the victims themselves). After they are done, the three of them would line up above the pits themselves, and peacefully go to death. This bizzare obedience of the hostages certainly was not the product of naivety or a submissive mentality, but of a special condition, known in psychiatry as "delusion of reprieve" (Ger. Begnadigungswahn – a condemned person's delusion, immediately before his execution, that he might be reprieved at the very last moment; moreover, the hostages were tricked into believing that they were only going to work and did not know the real reason for coming to the forest until the very end). The firing squad commander, Lieutenant Walter Liepe, wrote the following in his report about their conduct: "The prisoners' conduct during the shooting was calm. Two men tried to flee and were shot immediately. Some expressed their attitude by hailing Stalin and Russia." The execution of hostages in the forest near Deliblato was carried out by members of the 521st Army Signal Regiment (12th Army) in retaliation for the Partisan attack on a German supply column on the Topola–Kragujevac road, which resulted in the deaths of 22 German soldiers. At Deliblato, they shot 180 persons (Jews and Roma from the Belgrade camp), out of the ordered 2200 (100 for each German killed). During the second shooting, in the vicinity of Belgrade, they killed 269 more people. The execution of the remaining hostages was then entrusted to the 449th Mountain Corps Signal Battalion (XVIII Mountain Corps).

Text: Ivan Ž.

Photographer: Gerhard Baier, 690th Propaganda Company.
Date: 9 October 1941.
Location: Deliblato (district of Kovin), Yugoslavia.
Original caption: unknown.

Sources: ECPAD, DAT 3694 L36; Die Verfolgung und Ermordung der europäischen Juden durch das nationalsozialistische Deutschland 1933–1945, De Gruyter Oldenbourg, Berlin, 2017, vol. XIV, pp. 383–385; Viktor E. Frankl, ... trotzdem Ja zum Leben sagen – Ein Psychologe erlebt das Konzentrationslager, DTV, München, 1998, p. 20; Walter Manoschek, Holokaust u Srbiji – Vojna okupaciona politika i uništavanje Jevreja 1941–1942 (trans. Agnes Eremija et al.), Službeni list SRJ, Draslar partner, Beograd, 2007, p. 87. (Photo restoration: Ivan Ž.)

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Pogubljenje talaca kod Deliblata. Trojica jevrejskih talaca ubacuju leš svog streljanog sunarodnika u raku, pod nadzorom jednog nemačkog vojnika, koji je svoje ruke sklonio iza leđa (Nemci svoje ruke nisu želeli da prljaju i sve teže fizičke poslove, kao što su kopanje jama i odvlačenje leševa, prepustili su samim žrtvama). Po obavljenom poslu, i njih trojica će se postrojiti iznad jama, i mirno otići u smrt. Ova bizarna poslušnost talaca nije, svakako, bila posledica naivnosti ili podaničkog mentaliteta, već jednog posebnog stanja, poznatog u psihijatriji kao "deluzija pomilovanja" (nem. Begnadigungswahn – deluzija osuđenika na smrt, pred samo pogubljenje, da će u poslednjem trenutku biti pomilovan; povrh toga, taoci su bili obmanuti da idu na običnu radnu akciju, i do samog kraja nisu znali pravi razlog svog dolaska u šumu). Komandir streljačkog voda, poručnik Valter Lipe, napisao je o njihovom držanju u svom izveštaju sledeće: "Držanje zarobljenika prilikom streljanja bilo je pribrano. Dva čoveka su pokušala da pobegnu i odmah su ustreljeni. Pojedinci su iskazali svoja ubeđenja kličući Staljinu i Rusiji." Pogubljenje talaca u šumi kod Deliblata izvršili su pripadnici 521. armijskog puka veze (12. armije) u cilju odmazde za partizanski napad na nemačku kolonu za snabdevanje na putu Topola–Kragujevac, u kojem su ubijena 22 nemačka vojnika. Kod Deliblata su streljali 180 lica (Jevreja i Roma iz beogradskog logora), od propisanih 2200 (po 100 za svakog ubijenog Nemca). Pri drugom streljanju, u okolini Beograda, ubili su još 269 ljudi. Pogubljenje preostalih talaca potom je povereno 449. brdskokorpusnom bataljonu veze (XVIII brdskog korpusa).

Tekst: Ivan Ž.

Fotograf: Gerhard Bajer, 690. propagandna četa.
Datum: 9. oktobar 1941.
Mesto: Deliblato (srez Kovinski), Jugoslavija.
Originalni natpis: nepoznat.

Izvori: ECPAD, DAT 3694 L36; Die Verfolgung und Ermordung der europäischen Juden durch das nationalsozialistische Deutschland 1933–1945, De Gruyter Oldenbourg, Berlin, 2017, tom XIV, str. 383–385; Viktor E. Frankl, ... trotzdem Ja zum Leben sagen – Ein Psychologe erlebt das Konzentrationslager, DTV, München, 1998, str. 20; Walter Manoschek, Holokaust u Srbiji – Vojna okupaciona politika i uništavanje Jevreja 1941–1942 (prev. Agnes Eremija et al.), Službeni list SRJ, Draslar partner, Beograd, 2007, str. 87. (Foto-restauracija: Ivan Ž.)

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29 March 2020

0464 | Photo | Soldatensender Belgrad



Soldiers' Radio Belgrade Music Evening at the Guard House. Two members of the 8th Platoon, SS War Correspondent Battalion, at a chamber music concert in the Grand Hall of the Guard House in Topčider. The boys sit in the back row and seem rather uninterested. The performing orchestra consists of local musicians, civilians, while the conductor, who also plays the piano, is a German soldier. (The Belgrade Radio Station organised music evenings at the Guard House every two weeks.)

Text: Ivan Ž.

Photographer: Homann, SS War Correspondent Battalion.
Date: August/September 1942.
Location: Belgrade, Yugoslavia.
Original caption: unknown.

Sources: National Archives, 242-JRP-34-8-29; "Svakih četrnaest dana Beogradska radio-stanica priređuje u Gardiskom domu u Topčideru malo muzičko veče", Kolo, Beograd, 13.06.1942, no 24, p. 15. (Photo restoration: Ivan Ž.)

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Muzičko veče Vojničkog radija Beograd u Gardijskom domu. Dvojica pripadnika 8. voda Ratnodopisničkog bataljona SS-a na koncertu kamerne muzike u velikoj sali Gardijskog doma u Topčideru. Ovi momci sede u poslednjem redu, i deluju prilično nezainteresovano. Izvođački orkestar čine domaći muzičari, civili, dok je dirigent, koji je ujedno i pijanista, nemački vojnik. (Beogradska radio-stanica je muzičko veče u Gardijskom domu priređivala svake dve nedelje.)

Tekst: Ivan Ž.

Fotograf: Homan, Ratnodopisnički bataljon SS-a.
Datum: avgust/septembar 1942.
Mesto: Beograd, Jugoslavija.
Originalni natpis: nepoznat.

Izvori: National Archives, 242-JRP-34-8-29; "Svakih četrnaest dana Beogradska radio-stanica priređuje u Gardiskom domu u Topčideru malo muzičko veče", Kolo, Beograd, 13.06.1942, br. 24, str. 15. (Foto-restauracija: Ivan Ž.)

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27 March 2020

0463 | Photo | Narodnooslobodilačka vojska Jugoslavije



Josip Broz alias "Tito", leader of the Yugoslav Partisans (still anonymous), poses staring at the distance in the territory of the NDH, 1942. According to Žorž Skrigin, a well-known Partisan photographer, this (future-famous) image was taken by an infiltrated German agent, in Foča, with Tito's permission. (Tito, who himself was a photography enthusiast, could not resist posing for a photo, unaware that he was actually posing to the enemy.) The picture reached the Germans, who used it in July 1943 on the first wanted poster for the Partisan leader, after which it remains known to this day. The enclosed copy of the image originates from the war diary of the Pioneer Battalion, SS Division "Prinz Eugen", and it is one of the copies provided to the divisional units when they transferred from Serbia to Croatia, for Operation "White" (January 1943). Written below the picture in the SS diary is the comment: "'Tito'. Real name: Ivan Broz(ović)." (This name was given to the Croatian police by Soviet intelligence officer Ivan Srebrenjak "Antonov", who was arrested in February 1942.) As can be seen, Tito's true identity was still unknown to the Germans (and to the Allies) in January 1943. The Germans found out his real name the following month, and shortly afterwards they published it in their press. The Allied press and public found out the name of Josip Broz only in September, giving it little attention. It was only after the Tehran Conference (December), and the decision to support the Partisans instead of the Chetniks, that the Allied public started becoming more interested in Tito. The press described him as a mysterious (Croatian) fighter of the Balkans, Josip Broz, or Josip Brozović, and there was still a question of whether Broz and Tito were the same person. Some of the Allied articles about Tito were accompanied by the picture from the German wanted poster.

Text: Ivan Ž.

Photographer: unknown.
Date: 1942.
Location: Foča, Yugoslavia.
Original caption: unknown.

Sources: Bundesarchiv, RS 25/3; Slavko Odić, Slavko Komarica, Partizanska obavještajna služba – Šta se stvarno događalo, CIP, Zagreb, 1988, bk 3, pp. 332–333, 358; Vilko Vinterhalter, In the Path of Tito (trans. Ranka Kuić), Somaiya Publications, Bombay, 1972, p. 340; Walter R. Roberts, Tito, Mihailović and the Allies, 1941–1945, Rutgers University Press, New Brunswick, NJ, 1973, pp. 113–114, 120, 122, 172; Kurt Pauli, "Der Bandenkrieg in Ex-Jugoslawien", Die Wehrmacht, Berlin, 07.04.1943, vol. VII, no 8, p. 7; Juliet Bridgman, Allen Roberts, "General Tito: Mystery Warrior of the Balkans", Liberty, New York, 18.12.1943, p. 13; C. L. Sulzberger, "Mystery Man of the Balkans", New York Times, 05.12.1943, p. 8; "Is Broz really shadowy Tito?", The Courier-Journal, Louisville, Kentucky, 19.12.1943, p. 69; "Tito's Partisans", Life, New York, 06.12.1943, p. 88; Boro Krivokapić, "Bes/konačni Tito", Večernje novosti (online), 11.05.2006. (Photo restoration: Ivan Ž.)

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Josip Broz zvani Tito, vođa jugoslovenskih partizana (još uvek anonimni), pozira zagledan u daljinu na teritoriji NDH, 1942. godine. Po Žoržu Skriginu, poznatom partizanskom fotografu, ovu (kasnije čuvenu) sliku snimio je ubačeni nemački agent, u Foči, uz Titovu dozvolu. (Tito, koji je i sam bio ljubitelj fotografije, nije odoleo fotografisanju, nesvestan da zapravo pozira neprijatelju.) Slika je dospela u ruke Nemaca, koji su je jula 1943. objavili na prvoj poternici za partizanskim vođom, po kojoj je do danas ostala poznata. Priložena kopija snimka potiče iz ratnog dnevnika inžinjerijskog bataljona SS-divizije "Princ Ojgen", i jedan je od primeraka datih jedinicama divizije po prelasku iz Srbije u Hrvatsku, prilikom operacije "Belo" (januara 1943). Ispod slike u esesovskom dnevniku stoji komentar: "'Tito'. Pravo ime: Ivan Broz(ović)." (Ovo ime dao je hrvatskoj policiji sovjetski obaveštajac Ivan Srebrenjak Antonov, koji je uhapšen februara 1942.) Kao što se vidi, Titov pravi identitet Nemcima (kao ni saveznicima) nije bio poznat ni u januaru 1943. Njegovo pravo ime Nemci su saznali sledećeg meseca, i ubrzo potom objavili su ga i u štampi. Saveznička štampa i javnost za ime Josipa Broza saznali su tek u septembru, ne pridajući mu previše pažnje. Tek posle Teheranske konferencije (decembar) i odluke da se umesto četnika podrže partizani, počelo je i ozbiljnije zanimanje savezničke javnosti za Tita. U štampi je opisivan kao misteriozni (hrvatski) borac sa Balkana, Josip Broz, ili Josip Brozović, a postavljano je i pitanje da li su Broz i Tito ista osoba. Neke od savezničkih članaka o Titu pratila je i slika sa nemačke poternice.

Tekst: Ivan Ž.

Fotograf: nepoznat.
Datum: 1942.
Mesto: Foča, Jugoslavija.
Originalni natpis: nepoznat.

Izvori: Bundesarchiv, RS 25/3; Slavko Odić, Slavko Komarica, Partizanska obavještajna služba – Šta se stvarno događalo, CIP, Zagreb, 1988, knj. 3, str. 332–333, 358; Vilko Vinterhalter, In the Path of Tito (prev. Ranka Kuić), Somaiya Publications, Bombay, 1972, str. 340; Walter R. Roberts, Tito, Mihailović and the Allies, 1941–1945, Rutgers University Press, New Brunswick, NJ, 1973, str. 113–114, 120, 122, 172; Kurt Pauli, "Der Bandenkrieg in Ex-Jugoslawien", Die Wehrmacht, Berlin, 07.04.1943, god. VII, br. 8, str. 7; Juliet Bridgman, Allen Roberts, "General Tito: Mystery Warrior of the Balkans", Liberty, New York, 18.12.1943, str. 13; C. L. Sulzberger, "Mystery Man of the Balkans", New York Times, 05.12.1943, str. 8; "Is Broz really shadowy Tito?", The Courier-Journal, Louisville, Kentucky, 19.12.1943, str. 69; "Tito's Partisans", Life, New York, 06.12.1943, str. 88; Boro Krivokapić, "Bes/konačni Tito", Večernje novosti (online), 11.05.2006. (Foto-restauracija: Ivan Ž.)

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22 March 2020

0462 | Photo | Beauftragter des Reichsführers-SS für Kroatien



Members of the German Security Service and Order Police searching a village in the territory of the NDH (allegedly in Bosnia). With a report in his hand, the operation leader (an SS-Untersturmführer) addresses an elderly villager, threatening him with his finger. In the background, the lined-up population worriedly listen to the German officer. Despite the clearly unpleasant atmosphere, this police action was presented in the German press as a happy return of refugee villagers to their villages, who then "voluntarily provided information on the hideouts of the bandits", who "looted and destroyed their homes". (Judging by the photos, no one was executed this time; in the next action by this police group, three arrestees were shot and one house was torched.) 

Text: Ivan Ž.

Photographer: Arndt, 690th Propaganda Company.
Date: 1943.
Location: unknown, Yugoslavia.
Original caption: unknown.

Sources: ECPAD, PK690 F1337 L28; ibid., PK690 F1338; Arndt, "Banditenunwesen in Bosnien", Litzmannstädter Zeitung, 24.08.1943, vol. XXVI, no 236, p. 1.

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Pripadnici nemačke službe bezbednosti i policije poretka pretresaju jedno selo na teritoriji NDH (navodno u Bosni). Sa izveštajem u ruci, rukovodilac operacije (jedan SS-unteršturmfirer) obraća se jednom starijem seljaku, preteći mu prstom. U pozadini, postrojeno stanovništvo zabrinuto sluša nemačkog oficira. Uprkos vidno neprijatnoj atmosferi, ova policijska akcija predstavljena je u nemačkoj štampi kao srećan povratak izbeglih seljana u sela, koji su potom "dobrovoljno pružali informacije o skrovištima bandita", koji su im "pljačkali i uništavali domove". (Sudeći po fotografijama, ovom prilikom niko nije bio pogubljen; u sledećoj akciji ove policijske grupe, streljana su tri uhapšenika i spaljena je jedna kuća.)

Tekst: Ivan Ž.

Fotograf: Arnt, 690. propagandna četa.
Datum: 1943.
Mesto: nepoznato, Jugoslavija.
Originalni natpis: nepoznat.

Izvori: ECPAD, PK690 F1337 L28; ibid., PK690 F1338; Arndt, "Banditenunwesen in Bosnien", Litzmannstädter Zeitung, 24.08.1943, god. XXVI, br. 236, str. 1.

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25 February 2020

0461 | Photo | SS-Freiwilligen-Division "Prinz Eugen"



Operation "Black". A soldier of the SS Division "Prinz Eugen" caught at an awkward moment on the way to the operational area. But there is no shame among soldiers and it is always better to take care of certain physiological needs before battle. (As with animals, involuntary excretion of feces or urine in threatening situations is relatively common for humans. In a survey conducted on US soldiers after World War II, as many as 21% of the sample studied reported losing control of the bowels during battle, and 9% losing control of the bladder.)

Text: Ivan Ž.

Photographer: Hugo Kemps, SS War Correspondent Battalion.
Date: May 1943.
Location: unknown, Yugoslavia.
Original caption: unknown.

Sources: National Archives, 242-JRP-41-11-28; P. L. Broadhurst, "Experiments in psychogenetics", Experiments in Personality (ed. H. J. Eysenck), Routledge, London, 2013, vol. I, p. 37. (Photo restoration: Ivan Ž.)

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Operacija "Crno". Vojnik SS-divizije "Princ Ojgen" uhvaćen u nezgodnom trenutku na putu ka operativnom području. Naravno, među vojnicima stida nema, a određene fiziološke potrebe uvek je bolje obaviti pre borbe. (Kao i kod životinja, nevoljno pražnjenje creva ili bešike u opasnim situacijama relativno je česta pojava kod ljudi. U jednom istraživanju sprovedenom nad američkim vojnicima posle II svetskog rata, čak je 21% ispitanika prijavilo gubitak kontrole nad crevima tokom borbi, a 9% nad bešikom.)

Tekst: Ivan Ž.

Fotograf: Hugo Kemps, Ratnodopisnički bataljon SS-a.
Datum: maj 1943.
Mesto: nepoznato, Jugoslavija.
Originalni natpis: nepoznat.

Izvori: National Archives, 242-JRP-41-11-28; P. L. Broadhurst, "Experiments in psychogenetics", Experiments in Personality (ured. H. J. Eysenck), Routledge, London, 2013, sv. I, str. 37. (Foto-restauracija: Ivan Ž.)

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16 February 2020

0460 | Photo | Magyar Királyi Honvédség



An affectionate Hungarian sergeant (szakaszvezető) poses for a souvenir photo, holding in his arms a seized "Chetnik piggy" (as one of the Hungarians sarcastically called it on the back of the photo), in the early days of the occupation of Bačka. Unfortunately, much worse crimes than the seizure of livestock were committed when the Hungarian troops entered Bačka, under the pretext of Chetnik-fighting. In various places, including the four largest cities (Novi Sad, Subotica, Sombor and Senta), the Hungarian troops – having staged skirmishes with the Chetniks – committed series of horrific crimes against the population of Serbian, Slavic and Jewish origin. People were arrested, robbed, abused and murdered (among the dead were women, children and the elderly). In Novi Sad alone, about 500 people were killed in the first three days of the occupation (the exact number was never determined, since many bodies were thrown into river, or buried in hidden places). The massacre of Bačka Serbs and Jews continued already at the beginning of the following year, in an action named "The Raid".

Text: Ivan Ž.

Photographer: unknown.
Date: April 1941.
Location: unknown, Yugoslavia.
Original caption: "Chetnik piggy held prisoner by the central squad."

Sources: Fortepan, Klenner Aladár, 77013; Drago Njegovan (ed.), Zločini okupatora i njihovih pomagača u Vojvodini, Prometej, Malo istorijsko društvo, Novi Sad, 2011, bk 4, pp. 8, 21–43, 65–80. (Photo restoration: Ivan Ž.)

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Razneženi mađarski narednik (szakaszvezető) pozira za uspomenu držeći u naručju zaplenjeno "četničko prase" (kako ga je jedan od Mađara sarkastično nazvao na poleđini fotografije), u prvim danima okupacije Bačke. Nažalost, prilikom ulaska mađarskih trupa u Bačku vršeni su mnogo gori zločini od oduzimanja stoke, pod izgovorom borbe protiv četnika. U raznim mestima, uključujući i četiri najveća grada (Novi Sad, Suboticu, Sombor i Sentu), mađarska vojska je – insceniravši okršaje sa četnicima – izvršila niz strašnih zločina nad stanovništvom srpskog, slovenskog i jevrejskog porekla. Ljudi su hapšeni, pljačkani, zlostavljani i ubijani (među mrtvima je bilo i žena, dece i staraca). Samo u Novom Sadu, u prva tri dana okupacije pobijeno je oko 500 ljudi (tačan broj nikada nije utvrđen jer su mnogi leševi bačeni u reku, ili zakopani na skrivenim mestima). Masovno ubijanje bačkih Srba i Jevreja nastavljeno je već početkom sledeće godine, u akciji nazvanoj "racija".

Tekst: Ivan Ž.

Fotograf: nepoznat.
Datum: april 1941.
Mesto: nepoznato, Jugoslavija.
Originalni natpis: "Četničko prase u zarobljeništvu kod centralnog odreda."

Izvori: Fortepan, Klenner Aladár, 77013; Drago Njegovan (prir.), Zločini okupatora i njihovih pomagača u Vojvodini, Prometej, Malo istorijsko društvo, Novi Sad, 2011, knj. 4, str. 8, 21–43, 65–80. (Foto-restauracija: Ivan Ž.)

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14 February 2020

0459 | Photo | Srpski dobrovoljački korpus



Opening of the Serbian Labour Union Youth Centre in Belgrade. The commander of the Serbian Volunteer Corps, Colonel Kosta Mušicki, kisses the cross during the consecration of the Youth Centre of the Serbian Labour Union (Srpska zajednica rada, short: Srbozar), Dalmatian Street 37. (The building was actually erected over a decade earlier, in 1932, as a dormitory of the Belgrade Gajret "Osman Đikić". It was designed by Bogdan Nestorović, and one of its first student residents was Mehmed "Meša" Selimović, a future Partisan commissar and famous writer. After the war, the centre was named after shot student and KPJ activist Vera Blagojević, and it still bears her name.) Standing to the left of Mušicki is General Borivoje Jonić, commander of the Serbian State Guard and brother of Minister of Education Velibor Jonić; seen in the background, on the right, are Serbian youths in folk costumes.

Text: Ivan Ž.

Photographer: unknown.
Date: 18 July 1943.
Location: Belgrade, Yugoslavia.
Original caption: unknown.

Sources: Muzej Jugoslavije, via Arhiv Znaci, 11909; Zbornik dokumenata i podataka o narodnooslobodilačkom ratu jugoslovenskih naroda, Vojnoistorijski institut, Beograd, 1953, vol. I, bk 3, p. 369; Nadir H. Dacić, Beogradski Gajret – Osman Đikić (doctoral dissertation), Univerzitet u Beogradu, Filološki fakultet, 2015, pp. 134–141; "U prošlu nedelju izvršeno je u Dalmatinskoj ulici svečano otvaranje Doma omladine Srbozara", Kolo, Beograd, 24.07.1943, no 82, p. 12; Radovan Popović, "Koreni hrasta – Meša Selimović", Večernje novosti (online), 10.02.2009; ibid., 11.02.2009; "Vera Blagojević", Ustanova Studentski centar Beograd. (Photo restoration: Ivan Ž.)

NOT ALLOWED: removing source credits from the files; using text without crediting the original author; using files and information for political propaganda and commercial purposes.



Otvaranje Doma omladine Srpske zajednice rada u Beogradu. Komandant Srpskog dobrovoljačkog korpusa, pukovnik Kosta Mušicki, celiva krst prilikom osvećenja Doma omladine Srpske zajednice rada (skraćeno: Srbozara), u Dalmatinskoj 37. (Ovo je zdanje zapravo podignuto više od decenije ranije, 1932. godine, kao studentski dom Beogradskog Gajreta "Osman Đikić". Projektovao ga je Bogdan Nestorović, a među prvim studentima koji su u njemu boravili bio je Mehmed Meša Selimović, budući partizanski komesar i čuveni književnik. Dom je posle rata dobio ime po streljanoj studentkinji i aktivistkinji KPJ Veri Blagojević, koje nosi i danas.) Levo od Mušickog stoji general Borivoje Jonić, komandant Srpske državne straže i brat ministra prosvete Velibora Jonića; u pozadini, desno, vide se srpske omladinke u narodnoj nošnji.

Tekst: Ivan Ž.

Fotograf: nepoznat.
Datum: 18. jul 1943.
Mesto: Beograd, Jugoslavija.
Originalni natpis: nepoznat.

Izvori: Muzej Jugoslavije, via Arhiv Znaci, 11909; Zbornik dokumenata i podataka o narodnooslobodilačkom ratu jugoslovenskih naroda, Vojnoistorijski institut, Beograd, 1953, tom I, knj. 3, str. 369; Nadir H. Dacić, Beogradski Gajret – Osman Đikić (doktorska disertacija), Univerzitet u Beogradu, Filološki fakultet, 2015, str. 134–141; "U prošlu nedelju izvršeno je u Dalmatinskoj ulici svečano otvaranje Doma omladine Srbozara", Kolo, Beograd, 24.07.1943, br. 82, str. 12; Radovan Popović, "Koreni hrasta – Meša Selimović", Večernje novosti (online), 10.02.2009; ibid., 11.02.2009; "Vera Blagojević", Ustanova Studentski centar Beograd. (Foto-restauracija: Ivan Ž.)

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09 February 2020

0458 | Photo | Balli Kombëtar



National Front parade in Priština. Young Kosovo Albanians, members of the National Front (Balli Kombëtar – the so-called Ballists, that is, Frontists), listen to their leaders' speeches in front of Hotel "Scanderbeg" in Priština. On their white caps, they wear the coat of arms of Albania – a black double-headed eagle on a red field – an old Byzantine symbol that their national hero George Castriot "Scanderbeg" adopted after reverting to Christianity, and used during his quarter-of-a-century-long struggle against the Ottomans. The Albanian people, however, were far more influenced by the centuries of Turkish rule than by the Christian warlord Scanderbeg (translated: Lord Alexander), which was also reported by the commander of the Albanian SS division (of the same name), August Schmidhuber, October 1944: "As a 400-year-old Turkish province, Albania has remained 'more Turkish' in every way than Turkey itself. Starting with women's veils up to the national concept. Since the death of their national hero Scanderbeg (1468), the Albanians have not evolved, but vegetated. They do not yet have a strong national and state awareness, but still live, like the old Germanic peoples, in a clannish and tribal mindset. The ethnic fate of Albania after Scanderbeg's death could probably be best compared to what Germany would be like if it had not produced another leader after the Cheruscan Lord Arminius." (Arminius was killed in the 1st century CE.)

Text: Ivan Ž.; August Schmidhuber.

Photographer: Ernst A. Zwilling, Air Force War Correspondent Battalion South-East.
Date: July 1944.
Location: Priština, Yugoslavia.
Original caption: unknown.

Sources: ECPAD, LFT SO F2684 L11; Bundesarchiv, RS 3-21/1; Oliver Jens Schmitt, Skanderbeg – Der neue Alexander auf dem Balkan, Verlag Friedrich Pustet, Regensburg, 2009, pp. 15, 90, 242, 333; Johannes Bühler, "Arminius der Cherusker", Deutsche Biographie. (Photo restoration: Ivan Ž.)

NOT ALLOWED: removing source credits from the files; using text without crediting the original author; using files and information for political propaganda and commercial purposes.



Parada Nacionalnog fronta u Prištini. Mladi kosovski Albanci, članovi Nacionalnog fronta (Balli Kombëtar – tzv. balisti, odnosno frontovci), slušaju govore svojih vođa pred Hotelom "Skenderbeg" u Prištini. Na svojim belim kapama oni nose grb Albanije – crnog dvoglavog orla u crvenom polju – stari vizantijski simbol koji je njihov nacionalni heroj Đurađ Kastriot Skenderbeg usvojio pri povratku u hrišćanstvo, i nosio tokom svoje četvrtvekovne borbe protiv Osmanlija. U albanskom narodu su, međutim, znatno veći trag ostavili vekovi provedeni pod Turcima nego hrišćanski vojskovođa Skenderbeg (u prevodu: knez Aleksandar), o čemu je pisao i komandant (istoimene) albanske SS-divizije, August Šmidhuber, oktobra 1944: "Albanija je kao četristogodišnja turska provincija u svakom pogledu ostala 'turskija' od same Turske. Počevši od ženskih velova pa sve do nacionalnog koncepta. Albanci se od smrti svog nacionalnog heroja Skenderbega (1468) nisu razvijali, već su vegetirali. Oni još uvek nemaju izraženu nacionalnu i državotvornu svest, nego se i dalje nalaze, kao i Germani nekada, u klanovskom i plemenskom stanju svesti. Etnička sudbina Albanije posle Skenderbegove smrti otprilike bi se najbolje mogla uporediti sa Nemačkom u slučaju da nije iznedrila nijednog drugog vođu posle heruskog kneza Arminija." (Arminije je ubijen u I veku n.e.)

Tekst: Ivan Ž.; August Šmidhuber.

Fotograf: Ernst A. Cviling, Vazduhoplovni ratnodopisnički bataljon Jugoistok.
Datum: jul 1944.
Mesto: Priština, Jugoslavija.
Originalni natpis: nepoznat.

Izvori: ECPAD, LFT SO F2684 L11; Bundesarchiv, RS 3-21/1; Oliver Jens Schmitt, Skanderbeg – Der neue Alexander auf dem Balkan, Verlag Friedrich Pustet, Regensburg, 2009, str. 15, 90, 242, 333; Johannes Bühler, "Arminius der Cherusker", Deutsche Biographie. (Foto-restauracija: Ivan Ž.)

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06 February 2020

0457 | Photo | Populace



Operation 25. Diverting his eyes from the camera, a poor and frightened man salutes the Germans after the capture of Soko-Banja, at their request, for a memory and for mockery. The town of Soko-Banja was captured by the 4th Mountain Division (one of its members is seen in the background) on Catholic Easter, after fierce fighting with the rearguard of the Timok Division. (On the same day, the 1st Armoured Group captured the capital Belgrade.)

Text: Ivan Ž.

Photographer: unknown, 4th Mountain Division.
Date: 13 April 1941.
Location: Soko-Banja, Yugoslavia.
Original caption: unknown.

Sources: Catawiki, user-b16e2f7, 23198753; National Archives, RG 242, T78, r. 334, 6291172; Velimir Terzić, Slom Kraljevine Jugoslavije 1941 – Uzroci i posledice poraza, Narodna knjiga, Beograd, 1982, bk 2, p. 417; Miloš Žikić, "Timočka divizija u Aprilskom ratu 1941", Vojnoistorijski glasnik, Beograd, 2016, no 1, pp. 108–109. (Photo restoration: Ivan Ž.)

NOT ALLOWED: removing source credits from the files; using text without crediting the original author; using files and information for political propaganda and commercial purposes.



Operacija 25. Odvraćajući pogled od objektiva, jedan uplašeni siromašak salutira Nemcima po zauzimanju Soko-Banje, na njihov zahtev, za uspomenu i za podsmeh. Grad Soko-Banju zauzela je 4. brdska divizija (u pozadini se vidi jedan od njenih pripadnika) na katolički Uskrs, posle žestokih borbi sa zaštitnicom Timočke divizije. (Istoga dana 1. oklopna grupa zauzela je prestonicu Beograd.)

Tekst: Ivan Ž.

Fotograf: nepoznat, 4. brdska divizija.
Datum: 13. april 1941.
Mesto: Soko-Banja, Jugoslavija.
Originalni natpis: nepoznat.

Izvori: Catawiki, user-b16e2f7, 23198753; National Archives, RG 242, T78, r. 334, 6291172; Velimir Terzić, Slom Kraljevine Jugoslavije 1941 – Uzroci i posledice poraza, Narodna knjiga, Beograd, 1982, knj. 2, str. 417; Miloš Žikić, "Timočka divizija u Aprilskom ratu 1941", Vojnoistorijski glasnik, Beograd, 2016, br. 1, str. 108–109. (Foto-restauracija: Ivan Ž.)

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02 February 2020

0456 | Photo | SS-Freiwilligen-Division "Prinz Eugen"



Opanci shoes better than the mountain boots! With an ice axe in his hand and opanci on his feet, the commander of the 12th (Patrol) Company, 2nd Regiment, "Prinz Eugen" Division, SS-Untersturmführer Franz Josef Krombholz (future holder of the Knight's Cross and German Cross in Gold), explains to his troops that when climbing the smooth rock, it is better to wear the native opanci than the mountain boots. (The opanci are light and their sole is made of leather, unlike the special mountain boots, which are heavy and whose sole is reinforced with hobnails on all sides.) The photo was taken in the Mostar district, during one of the many exercises and preparations of the division for the upcoming Operation "Black".

Text: Ivan Ž.

Photographer: Eugen Nonnenmacher, SS War Correspondent Battalion.
Date: April/May 1943.
Location: unknown (district of Mostar), Yugoslavia.
Original caption: "Rock gymnastics. The company commander teaches his troops the basic concepts of climbing and ascending. For better climbing on the smooth rock, the SS mountain troopers wear native opanci on their feet. The company commander wears them too."

Sources: Hubert Kuberski (private collection); AKG-Images, AKG6304976; National Archives, 242-JRP-82-19; ibid., RG 242, T354, r. 145, 3786364; Otto Kumm, Vorwärts, Prinz Eugen! Geschichte der 7. SS-Freiwilligen-Division "Prinz Eugen", Winkelried-Verlag, Dresden, 2007, pp. 74, 290/291, 356. (Photo restoration: Ivan Ž.)

NOT ALLOWED: removing source credits from the files; using text without crediting the original author; using files and information for political propaganda and commercial purposes.



Opanci bolji od brdskih cokula! Sa cepinom u ruci i opancima na nogama, komandir 12. (patrolne) čete 2. puka divizije "Princ Ojgen", SS-unteršturmfirer Franc Jozef Krombholc (budući nosilac Viteškog krsta i Nemačkog krsta u zlatu), objašnjava svojim vojnicima da je prilikom penjanja po glatkom kamenu bolje nositi domaće opanke nego brdske cokule. (Opanci su laki i đon im je od kože, za razliku od specijalnih brdskih cokula, koje su teške i čiji je đon sa svih strana ojačan klincima.) Snimljeno u Mostarskom srezu, za vreme jedne od mnogobrojnih vežbi i priprema divizije za nastupajuću operaciju "Crno".

Tekst: Ivan Ž.

Fotograf: Ojgen Nonenmaher, Ratnodopisnički bataljon SS-a.
Datum: april/maj 1943.
Mesto: nepoznato (srez Mostarski), Jugoslavija.
Originalni natpis: "Kamena gimnastika. Komandir čete uči svoje lovce osnovnim pojmovima iz penjanja i uspinjanja. Za bolje penjanje po glatkom kamenu, brdski lovci SS-a na nogama nose domaće opanke. I komandir čete ih nosi."

Izvori: Hubert Kuberski (lična zbirka); AKG-Images, AKG6304976; National Archives, 242-JRP-82-19; ibid., RG 242, T354, r. 145, 3786364; Otto Kumm, Vorwärts, Prinz Eugen! Geschichte der 7. SS-Freiwilligen-Division "Prinz Eugen", Winkelried-Verlag, Dresden, 2007, str. 74, 290/291, 356. (Foto-restauracija: Ivan Ž.)

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28 January 2020

0455 | Photo | Höherer SS- und Polizeiführer Alpenland



Punitive expedition on Klek. Well-equipped and accompanied by a police dog, SD men under the command of SS-Sturmbannführer Werner Hersmann (out of frame) torch houses on the Klek Mountain, Pokljuka Plateau, 25 August 1944. The German policemen torched six houses (including the mountain hut, built only 10 years earlier) and killed two adolescent boys (14-year-old shepherds Stanko Beznik and Jože Janša). The torching of the houses on Klek was filmed as well, and released a month later in "The German Weekly Review" no 733, at the end of the report on the fighting in the "Italian border area". (Note: in 1984, Janusz Piekalkiewicz published the photo in his book "War in the Balkans", mistakenly identifying the location as the Vučevo Plateau and the action as Operation "Black"; 30 years later, in 2014, the image was mistakenly used as the cover of "The Massacre of Sant'Anna di Stazzema", edited by Gabriele Heinecke, Christiane Kohl and Maren Westermann; the pictured location and action were finally pinpointed by Marko Vidmar on the Axis History Forum, in February 2018.)

Text: Ivan Ž.

Photographer: Nolting, Air Force Special Purpose Operational Company.
Date: 25 August 1944.
Location: Klek (district of Radovljica), Yugoslavia.
Original caption: unknown.

Sources: Bundesarchiv, Bild 101I-679-8164-28, via PHAIDRA, 6947; Ivan Križnar, Jeseniško okrožje med nacistično okupacijo in narodnoosvobodilnim bojem, Društvo piscev zgodovine NOB Slovenije, Ljubljana, 2000, p. 291; Janusz Piekalkiewicz, Krieg auf dem Balkan, 1940–1945, Bechtermünz Verlag GmbH, Eltville am Rhein, 1989, p. 209; Gabriele Heinecke, Christiane Kohl, Maren Westermann (eds.), Das Massaker von Sant'Anna di Stazzema, Laika-Verlag, Hamburg, 2014; "Planšarski stan na planini Klek", Slovenec, Ljubljana, 07.09.1934, vol. LXII, no 203, p. 3; "Im italienischen Grenzgebiet", Die Deutsche Wochenschau, Berlin, 21.09.1944, no 733; "Stanko Beznik", SIstory; "Jože Janša", ibid.; "Pictures from Yugoslavia 1941–1945: take a look!", Axis History Forum, 07.04.2005, p. 42; "Unknown SS-Stubaf. and SS-Ostubaf. (SD, HSSPF Alpenland)", ibid., 23.06.2019, p. 1.

NOT ALLOWED: removing source credits from the files; using text without crediting the original author; using files and information for political propaganda and commercial purposes.



Kaznena ekspedicija na Kleku. Dobro opremljeni i u pratnji službenog psa, pripadnici SD-a pod komandom SS-šturmbanfirera Vernera Hersmana (van kadra) pale kuće na planini Kleku, na Pokljuki, 25. avgusta 1944. godine. Nemački policajci ovom su prilikom spalili šest kuća (uključujući i planinarski dom, sagrađen samo 10 godina ranije) i ubili dva maloletna mladića (četrnaestogodišnje pastire Stanka Beznika i Jožu Janšu). Paljenje kuća na Kleku snimljeno je i filmskom kamerom, i objavljeno mesec dana kasnije u "Nemačkom nedeljnom pregledu" br. 733, na kraju reportaže o borbama u "italijanskom pograničnom području". (Napomena: ovu fotografiju objavio je 1984. godine Januš Pjekalkjevič u knjizi "Rat na Balkanu", pogrešno identifikujući mesto kao Vučevo, a akciju kao operaciju "Crno"; 30 godina kasnije, 2014, slika je pogrešno upotrebljena kao naslovnica "Masakra u Sv. Ani Stacemskoj", urednica Gabrijele Hajneke, Kristijane Kol i Maren Vesterman; tačno mesto i akciju na fotografiji konačno je identifikovao Marko Vidmar na Forumu istorije Osovine, februara 2018. godine.)

Tekst: Ivan Ž.

Fotograf: Nolting, Vazduhoplovna operativna četa za specijalnu namenu.
Datum: 25. avgust 1944.
Mesto: Klek (srez Radovljički), Jugoslavija.
Originalni natpis: nepoznat.

Izvori: Bundesarchiv, Bild 101I-679-8164-28, via PHAIDRA, 6947; Ivan Križnar, Jeseniško okrožje med nacistično okupacijo in narodnoosvobodilnim bojem, Društvo piscev zgodovine NOB Slovenije, Ljubljana, 2000, str. 291; Janusz Piekalkiewicz, Krieg auf dem Balkan, 1940–1945, Bechtermünz Verlag GmbH, Eltville am Rhein, 1989, str. 209; Gabriele Heinecke, Christiane Kohl, Maren Westermann (ured.), Das Massaker von Sant'Anna di Stazzema, Laika-Verlag, Hamburg, 2014; "Planšarski stan na planini Klek", Slovenec, Ljubljana, 07.09.1934, god. LXII, br. 203, str. 3; "Im italienischen Grenzgebiet", Die Deutsche Wochenschau, Berlin, 21.09.1944, br. 733; "Stanko Beznik", SIstory; "Jože Janša", ibid.; "Pictures from Yugoslavia 1941–1945: take a look!", Axis History Forum, 07.04.2005, str. 42; "Unknown SS-Stubaf. and SS-Ostubaf. (SD, HSSPF Alpenland)", ibid., 23.06.2019, str. 1.

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13 January 2020

0454 | Photo | Soldatensender Belgrad



Soldiers' Radio Belgrade Winter Season Opening at the National Theatre. A frowned SS-Oberscharführer Josef Schifko, cameraman of the 8th Platoon, SS War Correspondent Battalion, adjusts the microphone to opera singer Tatjana Hitrina. This young Belgrader with melancholic eyes is of Russian origin, and came to the Yugoslav capital as a small child, two decades earlier. She is a daughter of White Guard Major General Alexander Nikolaevich Hitrin, former quartermaster general of the Armed Forces of South Russia, who found refuge in the Kingdom of Yugoslavia after the Russian Revolution, together with his family and thousands of his countrymen. (The general died in Belgrade in April 1940, a year before the occupation; he was buried in the New Cemetery, together with his wife.) The talented Hitrina attended the Music Academy in Belgrade, and started performing already at the age of 16. After the war and revolution in Yugoslavia, having left her second homeland, she spent several years in devastated Vienna, where she studied at the Vienna Conservatory. In late 1950, she left her third homeland and fled to distant Australia, to Brisbane. In the new continent, she worked first in a hospital (as a domestic) and then in a biscuit factory. However, her singing talent did not go unnoticed for long. Within just two years, from an anonymous refugee, Hitrina once again became a famous singer. She performed with the Sydney and Queensland symphony orchestras, organised aid concerts and held a singing school for children. (As far as could be established, Australia remained her final home.)

Text: Ivan Ž.

Photographer: Homann, SS War Correspondent Battalion.
Date: 3 October 1942.
Location: Belgrade, Yugoslavia.
Original caption: unknown.

Sources: National Archives, 242-JRP-34-22-25; "Concert for blind soldiers", Brisbane Telegraph, 25.03.1952, p. 14; "She doesn't have to act", Sunday Mail, Brisbane, 15.06.1952, p. 5; "In 1950 a refugee, in 1953 a celebrity", ibid., 11.10.1953, p. 3; "She helps sufferers", The Courier-Mail, Brisbane, 02.03.1954, p. 6; "From domestic to the concert stage", ibid., 23.09.1954, p. 11; "Хитрин Александр Николаевич", Русский Некрополь; "Участники Белого движения в России", Сайт историка Сергея Владимировича Волкова, Jan. 2016; "Tatjana Froimoff-Goutman", Ancestry. (Photo restoration: Ivan Ž.)

NOT ALLOWED: removing source credits from the files; using text without crediting the original author; using files and information for political propaganda and commercial purposes.



Otvaranje zimske sezone Vojničkog radija Beograd u Narodnom pozorištu. Namrgođeni SS-oberšarfirer Jozef Šifko, snimatelj 8. voda Ratnodopisničkog bataljona SS-a, namešta mikrofon operskoj pevačici Tatjani Hitrini. Ova mlada Beograđanka melanholičnog pogleda ruskog je porekla, a u jugoslovensku prestonicu došla je kao malo dete, dve decenije ranije. Ona je kći belogardejskog general-majora Aleksandra Nikolajeviča Hitrina, bivšeg komandanta pozadine oružanih snaga Juga Rusije, koji je zajedno sa porodicom, i hiljadama svojih sunarodnika, posle ruske revolucije našao utočište u Kraljevini Jugoslaviji. (General je skončao u Beogradu aprila 1940, godinu dana pred okupaciju; sahranjen je na Novom groblju, zajedno sa suprugom.) Talentovana Hitrina pohađala je Muzičku akademiju u Beogradu, a počela je da nastupa već sa 16 godina. Posle rata i revolucije u Jugoslaviji, napustivši i svoju drugu domovinu, provela je nekoliko godina u razrušenom Beču, gde je studirala na Bečkom konzervatorijumu. Krajem 1950. godine napustila je i svoju treću domovinu, izbegavši u daleku Australiju, u Brizbejn. Na novom kontinentu isprva je radila u bolnici (kao čistačica), a potom i u fabrici keksa. Njen pevački talenat, međutim, nije dugo ostao neprimećen. U roku od samo dve godine, Hitrina je od anonimne izbeglice postala ponovo slavna pevačica. Nastupala je sa Sidnejskim i Kvinslendskim sinfonijskim orkestrom, priređivala dobrotvorne koncerte i držala školu pevanja za decu. (Koliko se moglo ustanoviti, Australija je i ostala njen konačni dom.)

Tekst: Ivan Ž.

Fotograf: Homan, Ratnodopisnički bataljon SS-a.
Datum: 3. oktobar 1942.
Mesto: Beograd, Jugoslavija.
Originalni natpis: nepoznat.

Izvori: National Archives, 242-JRP-34-22-25; "Concert for blind soldiers", Brisbane Telegraph, 25.03.1952, str. 14; "She doesn't have to act", Sunday Mail, Brisbane, 15.06.1952, str. 5; "In 1950 a refugee, in 1953 a celebrity", ibid., 11.10.1953, str. 3; "She helps sufferers", The Courier-Mail, Brisbane, 02.03.1954, str. 6; "From domestic to the concert stage", ibid., 23.09.1954, str. 11; "Хитрин Александр Николаевич", Русский Некрополь; "Участники Белого движения в России", Сайт историка Сергея Владимировича Волкова, jan. 2016; "Tatjana Froimoff-Goutman", Ancestry. (Foto-restauracija: Ivan Ž.)

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